{"id":30366,"date":"2024-02-15T14:52:01","date_gmt":"2024-02-15T22:52:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.uwb.edu\/news\/?p=30366"},"modified":"2024-03-18T17:14:17","modified_gmt":"2024-03-19T00:14:17","slug":"looking-inward-for-pollution","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.uwb.edu\/news\/2024\/02\/15\/looking-inward-for-pollution","title":{"rendered":"Looking inward for pollution\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-drop-cap\">For more than 30 years, Dr. Dan Jaffe has spent his career researching <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uwb.edu\/news\/2018\/07\/27\/air-monitoring\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">outdoor air pollution<\/a> and its many sources \u2014 from wildfires to fossil fuels. In recent years, however, his curiosity has shifted inward as he looks to answer the question: \u201cHow clean is our indoor air, really?\u201d&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Jaffe, a professor in the University of Washington Bothell\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uwb.edu\/stem\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">School of STEM<\/a>, first began thinking about indoor air quality during the 2018 wildfire season, when a staff member said they could smell smoke inside. Jaffe, too, noticed he could smell it. Together with then-student <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uwb.edu\/news\/2024\/01\/26\/diversifying-the-stem-field\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Alex Margarito<\/a> (Chemistry \u201919), Jaffe walked around campus with a pollution sensor.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The pair made a startling discovery: The air inside was almost as bad as the air outside.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cThat really got me thinking about what to do and how to improve the air inside,\u201d he said. \u201cWe spend most of our time indoors. We\u2019ve put a lot of effort into looking into the air outside and much less time looking at the air inside. It turns out, there are some important sources for indoor pollution.\u201d&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In his latest research, Jaffe wanted to find out just how high the presence of some of these pollutants was inside people\u2019s homes. He presented his findings from the study, \u201cImpacts of Freeways, Cooking and Wildfires on Indoor Air Quality in a variety of WA households: Toward Actionable Solutions,\u201d in a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uwb.edu\/research\/research-seminars\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Husky Highlights Seminar Series<\/a> presentation last month.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>A kitchen mystery<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Jaffe\u2019s curiosity about indoor pollution began with wildfire smoke, but he soon became concerned about other pollutants when his sensors indicated high levels of particulate matter during days when the air quality outside was in the healthy range. Cooking seemed a likely possibility.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>He was also aware of recent information in the media about the dangers of gas stoves but could find little data on what emissions were like inside the home.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>So with funding from UW Bothell\u2019s Scholarship, Research and Creative Practice Grant program, Jaffe began work on the study with support from Dr. Brandon Finley, assistant teaching professor in the School of STEM, and Amelie Creekmore, an undergraduate student studying Chemistry.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cI get really excited about this work because it\u2019s a nascent field. There\u2019s so much to find, and you rely on people to take that jump,\u201d Finley said. \u201cI\u2019m a big fan of applied science and always interested in that next start because I think the beginnings are where you learn the most, compared with more established areas of study that see incremental discoveries.\u201d&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The team\u2019s first objective was to evaluate different low-cost sensors to find a suitable one for use in a volunteer home study. While their scope of research initially included pollution from freeways, they soon discovered the sensors weren\u2019t sensitive enough to accurately detect indoor levels and limited the study to particulate matter and gases found in the kitchen.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>A surprising find<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In the first phase of the research, the team studied Jaffe\u2019s own kitchen by sealing it off with plastic and turning the stove and oven on in 15-minute increments. Gas stoves produce high concentrations of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and nitrogen dioxide. Their findings confirmed levels well beyond healthy levels according to the Environmental Protection Agency\u2019s Air Quality Index for outside air. Lacking an official standard for indoor air quality, they used that AQI as a standard.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Next, the team left a sensor in Jaffe\u2019s kitchen over the course of a month, as he and his wife cooked and went about their typical routines. Again, the levels were above what is considered healthy.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As they moved onto the volunteer phase of their study, the researchers identified 17 volunteers who signed up through Jaffe\u2019s blog and shipped each of them a sensor plus instructions for installation, how to log cooking times and whether any mitigation (such as fans or open windows) was to be used when cooking.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The study participants reported a wide variation in results. This, Jaffe explained, could likely be accounted for by the types of cooking people did \u2014 such as baking, boiling, frying, etc. \u2014 and how often they cooked. But like Jaffe found in his home, some participants also saw unhealthy levels of the pollutants.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The most surprising finding, however, was the amount of nitrogen dioxide recorded.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cIn outdoor air, nitrogen dioxide has been greatly reduced because we\u2019ve installed catalytic converters on cars, but even low levels of nitrogen dioxide account for a lot of responsibility for things such as asthma,\u201d Finley said. \u201cThere\u2019s this idea that you\u2019re safe in your home, but it\u2019s probably not as clean as we think.\u201d&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Actionable solutions<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>As with any new research finding, raising awareness about an issue is an important first step, Jaffe said. But the team also hopes to provide actionable solutions people can take to mitigate health risks.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The study found that using a fan or opening a window reduced the level of both the gas pollutants and particulate matter. In earlier research, Jaffe also discovered that even low-cost air purifiers are effective at removing particulate matter from the air. One of the most cost-effective solutions, he noted, turned out to be <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washington.edu\/news\/2020\/09\/15\/video-how-to-make-your-own-home-air-purifier\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">a box fan with a MERV 13 air filter<\/a> attached to it.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Updating the range fan above the oven is another option \u2014 and both Jaffe and Finley noted that they now plan to replace their own range fans. Replacing a gas stove with an electric one is, of course, another way to reduce indoor pollutants from cooking. As there isn\u2019t currently a filter available that removes gases from the air, this is also the only way to eliminate gas pollutants.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dr. Rachel Scherr, assistant professor in the School of STEM and a participant in the study, said she plans to replace her gas stove with an induction electric stove and install a ventilation system.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cWe learned that the air quality in our kitchen is very bad when I cook, and I cook a lot. Apparently, we have been living with over an hour every day of significant pollution in our kitchen,\u201d Scherr said. \u201cThe study is the <em>only<\/em> reason we undertook the kitchen remodel.\u202fIt\u2019s a large expense and a lot of effort in the case of our particular kitchen setup, but we feel it is very important.\u201d&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The design of a home has a significant impact as well, Jaffe said, noting that \u201cDilution is the solution.\u201d Home layouts with a more open floor plan that allows for molecules to spread out are going to have a lower exposure risk.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cWe should be doing everything we can to reduce our use of natural gas from a climate perspective but also, as we now know, from a human health perspective,\u201d Jaffe said. \u201cGas stoves in kitchens are definitely hazardous.\u201d&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n<?xml encoding=\"utf-8\" ?><blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewbox=\"0 0 31.93 23.66\" width=\"34\">\n  <path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M19.94 23.655h11.988V12.578h-6.6a6.63 6.63 0 0 1 .662-3.486 8.55 8.55 0 0 1 5.721-4.722V.001a14.8 14.8 0 0 0-8.687 4.768q-3.089 3.606-3.089 9.994v8.893Zm-19.938 0H11.99V12.578h-6.6a7.5 7.5 0 0 1 .631-3.575q1.47-3.277 5.763-4.633V.001a14.54 14.54 0 0 0-8.771 4.788c-2 2.427-3.008 5.781-3.008 9.974Z\"><\/path>\n<\/svg><p>We should be doing everything we can to reduce our use of natural gas from a climate perspective but also, as we now know, from a human health perspective. Gas stoves in kitchens are definitely hazardous. <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewbox=\"0 0 31.93 23.66\" width=\"34\" style=\"transform:rotate(180deg);transform-origin:center\">\n  <path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M19.94 23.655h11.988V12.578h-6.6a6.63 6.63 0 0 1 .662-3.486 8.55 8.55 0 0 1 5.721-4.722V.001a14.8 14.8 0 0 0-8.687 4.768q-3.089 3.606-3.089 9.994v8.893Zm-19.938 0H11.99V12.578h-6.6a7.5 7.5 0 0 1 .631-3.575q1.47-3.277 5.763-4.633V.001a14.54 14.54 0 0 0-8.771 4.788c-2 2.427-3.008 5.781-3.008 9.974Z\"><\/path>\n<\/svg><\/p>\n<cite>Dr. Dan Jaffe, professor, School of STEM<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Future considerations<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The data from this study provide a lot of insights, but results also leave the team with more questions. Jaffe said he wants to continue the study with a larger batch of volunteers, and if given the opportunity to do the study again, he said he would take a closer look at the impact of fans and different types of cooking done by each of the participants.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As there isn\u2019t currently a filter that would remove the gas pollutants, he also would consider what other actionable solutions could be used. He plans to test the viability of charcoal filters later this year, although he suspects that these, too, will be ineffective for removing gases.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This and other studies can raise public awareness about how polluted indoor air may be, Finley said, yet they do not mean that people should panic.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cWhile there are significant risks here, this is something we can slowly improve over time,\u201d he said. \u201cBy taking this knowledge, you can design your houses better, use filters and take other actionable steps at mitigation. There are things you can do that are in your control. Gases, of course, are a little harder \u2014 but that\u2019s a solution to come down the road.\u201d&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In his latest research, Dr. Dan Jaffe looks to the kitchen as a source for indoor pollution in the home.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":121,"featured_media":30367,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_is_archived":false,"_archived_contact_email":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[202,229,214,1],"tags":[],"school":[421],"class_list":["post-30366","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-campus-news","category-faculty","category-research","category-uncategorized","school-school-of-stem"],"acf":{"related_links":{"toggle_visibility":false,"link_1":"","link_2":"","link_3":"","link_4":"","link_5":""},"highlight_box":{"toggle_visibility":false,"title":"","content":"","button":"","button_style":"angled-purple-button","button_screen_reader_text":""},"contact_type_1":{"toggle_visibility":true,"contact_title":"Contact Us","email":"test@uwb.edu","phone":"(206) 999-1234","box":"Box 358500","address_line_1":"18115 Campus Way NE","address_line_2":"Bothell, WA 98011-8246","location":""},"contact_type_2":{"toggle_visibility":false,"contact_title":"","email":"","phone":"","box":"","address_line_1":"","address_line_2":"","location":""},"social_media":{"toggle_visibility":false,"facebook_url":"","instagram_url":"","linkedin_url":"","twitter_url":"","youtube_url":""},"blog_archive_sidebar_visibility":false},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.0 - 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